Introduction

Chhath Puja is one of the most unique and spiritually powerful festivals of India. Unlike many other celebrations, this festival is not centered on idols or grand rituals but on the direct worship of Surya (the Sun God) and Chhathi Maiya (Goddess Usha). It is considered one of the oldest known festivals dedicated to the Sun, representing gratitude, purity, and discipline.

Primarily celebrated in Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Nepal’s Terai region, Chhath Puja has gained recognition worldwide due to the deep devotion and intense fasting rituals associated with it. Let’s dive into its origin, rituals, significance, and modern-day relevance.

 

Origin and Mythological Significance of Chhath Puja

1. Connection to the Mahabharata

According to legends, Kunti, the mother of the Pandavas, once performed a ritual similar to Chhath Puja, praying to Surya Dev for strength and blessings. Later, Draupadi and the Pandavas are also believed to have performed Chhath Puja during their exile, seeking health, recovery, and success.

 

2. Link with the Ramayana

It is said that Lord Rama and Sita observed a fast and offered prayers to the Sun God after returning to Ayodhya from exile. This practice became a tradition and evolved into Chhath Puja.

 

3. Worship of Chhathi Maiya

In folk tradition, Chhathi Maiya is believed to be the sister of Surya Dev. She is regarded as the protector of children and the giver of longevity, prosperity, and happiness.

 

When is Chhath Puja Celebrated?

Chhath Puja is observed on the sixth day (Shashti) of Kartik Shukla Paksha, usually falling in October–November, just after Diwali. It is a four-day festival filled with strict rituals, fasting, and prayers.

 

Rituals of Chhath Puja

The beauty of Chhath lies in its discipline and simplicity. Devotees practice strict purity, abstaining from indulgences, and dedicating themselves fully to the Sun God.

 

Day 1 – Nahay Khay (Holy Bath and Meal)

Devotees take a holy dip in a river or pond.

They clean their homes thoroughly, symbolizing purification.

A simple meal of rice, dal, and pumpkin cooked in ghee is consumed.

 

Day 2 – Kharna (Fasting and Prasad)

Devotees fast the whole day without food or water.

In the evening, they break the fast with prasad—usually rice kheer made with jaggery, fruits, and chapati.

After this, a 36-hour long nirjala vrat (fast without water) begins.

 

Day 3 – Sandhya Arghya (Evening Offering to the Setting Sun)

Devotees prepare soop (bamboo baskets) filled with fruits, sugarcane, thekua (a special sweet dish), and coconuts.

Families gather near rivers, ponds, or ghats. Women, often standing waist-deep in water, offer arghya (water offerings) to the setting sun.

This ritual reflects gratitude for life, energy, and prosperity.

 

Day 4 – Usha Arghya (Morning Offering to the Rising Sun)

On the final day, devotees again gather at riverbanks before dawn.

They offer prayers and arghya to the rising sun, symbolizing new beginnings and hope.

After this ritual, the fast is broken, and prasad is distributed.

 

Significance of Chhath Puja

Worship of the Sun God
The Sun is considered the source of energy, health, and life on Earth. By worshiping the Sun, devotees seek physical well-being, prosperity, and longevity.

Spiritual Purification
Fasting without water for nearly 36 hours is one of the toughest forms of penance. It symbolizes self-discipline, patience, and faith.

Environmental Connection
The rituals highlight the deep relationship between humans and nature, with rivers, water bodies, and the rising and setting sun playing a central role.

Cultural Unity
Chhath Puja is celebrated collectively. Families and entire communities gather at ghats, creating a spirit of unity and equality beyond caste and status.

 

Regional Variations of Chhath Puja

Bihar and Jharkhand: The heartland of Chhath, with grand celebrations at rivers like the Ganga, Kosi, and Punpun.

Uttar Pradesh: Celebrated in cities like Varanasi and Lucknow, with ghats beautifully decorated.

Nepal (Terai Region): The festival is a major cultural celebration, drawing thousands of devotees.

Urban India and Abroad: Migrants from Bihar and UP carry the tradition to metros like Delhi, Mumbai, and even the US, UK, and Mauritius.

 

Chhath Puja and Its Modern-Day Relevance

Even in modern times, Chhath Puja has kept its authenticity intact. Unlike other festivals, it is free from commercialization.

Eco-Friendly: The rituals promote sustainability, with offerings in natural containers like bamboo baskets, leaves, and earthen lamps.

Gender Equality: Both men and women can observe the fast, making it unique among Indian festivals.

Global Identity: Chhath Puja has gained recognition worldwide, symbolizing India’s cultural richness.

 

Popular Offerings in Chhath Puja

Thekua: A sweet made of wheat flour, jaggery, and ghee.

Sugarcane: Symbol of prosperity.

Coconut: Represents purity and devotion.

Seasonal Fruits: Bananas, apples, and lemons are commonly used.

 

Conclusion

Chhath Puja is not just a festival—it’s a discipline, a connection with nature, and a heartfelt prayer for the well-being of family and community. The rigorous rituals, heartfelt devotion, and simplicity make it one of the most powerful spiritual practices in India.

By worshiping the Sun and showing gratitude for its life-giving energy, Chhath Puja reminds us of the timeless truth: our lives are deeply tied to nature and its elements.